container_classes.h

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/* This file is part of Cloudy and is copyright (C)1978-2023 by Gary J. Ferland and
 * others.  For conditions of distribution and use see copyright notice in license.txt */

#ifndef CONTAINER_CLASSES_H_
#define CONTAINER_CLASSES_H_

typedef enum { ARPA_TYPE, C_TYPE, FLX_TYPE, ML_TOP } mem_layout;

// magic numbers to identify each memory layout
static const int32 MA_VERS[ML_TOP] = { 120070905, 220070803, 320071126 };

#ifdef USE_C_TYPE
#define MEM_LAYOUT_VAL C_TYPE
#else
#define MEM_LAYOUT_VAL ARPA_TYPE
#endif

template<class T, bool lgBC>
class basic_pntr
{
        static const int p_nd = lgBC ? 3 : 1;
        T* p_p[p_nd]; // p[0] current pointer, p[1] lower bound, p[2] upper bound

        T* p_index_checked ( const ptrdiff_t n ) const
        {
                T* t = p_p[0]+n;
                if( lgBC ) 
                {
                        if( t < p_p[1] || t >= p_p[2] )
                                OUT_OF_RANGE( "basic_pntr::p_index_checked()" );
                }
                return t;
        }
        void p_set_vals( T* p0, T* p1, T* p2 )
        {
                if( lgBC )
                {
                        p_p[0] = p0; p_p[1] = p1; p_p[2] = p2;
                }
                else
                        p_p[0] = p0;
        }
public:
        typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
        typedef T            value_type;
        typedef T&           reference;
        typedef const T&     const_reference;
        typedef T*           pointer;
        typedef const T*     const_pointer;
        typedef size_t       size_type;
        typedef ptrdiff_t    difference_type;

        // constructors
        basic_pntr( T* p0, T* p1, T* p2 )
        {
                p_set_vals( p0, p1, p2 );
        }
        basic_pntr( T* p0 )
        {
                p_set_vals( p0, NULL, NULL );
        }
        basic_pntr()
        {
                p_set_vals( NULL, NULL, NULL );
        }
        basic_pntr& operator= ( const basic_pntr& ) = default;
        basic_pntr( const basic_pntr& t ) = default;
        // protected destructor (to prevent direct instantiation or destruction via basic_pntr*, see Alexandrescu p13)
protected:
        ~basic_pntr() {} 
public:
        // pre-increment
        basic_pntr& operator++ ()
        {
                ++p_p[0];
                return *this;
        }
        // pre-decrement
        basic_pntr& operator-- ()
        {
                --p_p[0];
                return *this;
        }
        // define operators for += and -=, normal arithmetic is defined separately in
        // the derived classes; it cannot be done here since they would require implicit
        // conversion from basic_pntr -> pntr or const_pntr to work; this would also create
        // an implicit and silent conversion from const_pntr -> pntr, which is illegal...
        basic_pntr& operator+= ( const ptrdiff_t n ) { p_p[0] += n; return *this; }
        basic_pntr& operator-= ( const ptrdiff_t n ) { p_p[0] -= n; return *this; }
        // dereference
        T& operator* () const
        {
                return *(p_index_checked(0));
        }
        T* operator-> () const
        {
                return p_index_checked(0);
        }
        T& operator[] ( const ptrdiff_t n ) const
        {
                return *(p_index_checked(n));
        }
        // finally, define the boolean operators...
        bool operator== ( const basic_pntr& t ) const { return p_p[0] == t.p_p[0]; }
        bool operator!= ( const basic_pntr& t ) const { return p_p[0] != t.p_p[0]; }
        bool operator<  ( const basic_pntr& t ) const { return p_p[0] <  t.p_p[0]; }
        bool operator<= ( const basic_pntr& t ) const { return p_p[0] <= t.p_p[0]; }
        bool operator>  ( const basic_pntr& t ) const { return p_p[0] >  t.p_p[0]; }
        bool operator>= ( const basic_pntr& t ) const { return p_p[0] >= t.p_p[0]; }
};

template<class T, bool lgBC>
class pntr : public basic_pntr<T,lgBC>
{
public:
        // constructors are not inherited, so define them again
        pntr( T* p0 ) : basic_pntr<T,lgBC>( p0 ) {}
        pntr( T* p0, T* p1, T* p2 ) : basic_pntr<T,lgBC>( p0, p1, p2 ) {}
        pntr() {}
        // the increment / decrement operators need to be recast...
        // otherwise expressions like p = ++q would be illegal for iterators...
        pntr& operator++ () { return static_cast<pntr&>(basic_pntr<T,lgBC>::operator++()); }
        const pntr operator++ (int) { pntr t = *this; ++(*this); return t; }
        pntr& operator-- () { return static_cast<pntr&>(basic_pntr<T,lgBC>::operator--()); }
        const pntr operator-- (int) { pntr t = *this; --(*this); return t; }
        // define p+n, p-n, p-q
        const pntr operator+ ( const ptrdiff_t n ) const { pntr s = *this; s += n; return s; }
        const pntr operator- ( const ptrdiff_t n ) const { pntr s = *this; s -= n; return s; }
        ptrdiff_t operator- ( const pntr& t ) const { return &(*this[0]) - &t[0]; }
};

// this defines n+p
template<class T, bool lgBC>
inline const pntr<T,lgBC> operator+ ( const ptrdiff_t n, const pntr<T,lgBC>& t )
{
        pntr<T,lgBC> s = t;
        s += n;
        return s;
}

template<class T, bool lgBC>
class const_pntr : public basic_pntr<T,lgBC>
{
public:
        // constructors are not inherited, so define them again
        const_pntr( T* p0 ) : basic_pntr<T,lgBC>( p0 ) {}
        const_pntr( T* p0, T* p1, T* p2 ) : basic_pntr<T,lgBC>( p0, p1, p2 ) {}
        const_pntr() {}
        // make sure we can assign a pntr to a const_pntr by creating an implicit conversion to const_pntr
        const_pntr( const pntr<T,lgBC>& t ) : basic_pntr<T,lgBC>( t ) {}
        // the increment / decrement operators need to be recast...
        // otherwise expressions like *p++ = 1. would be legal for const_iterators...
        const_pntr& operator++ () { return static_cast<const_pntr&>(basic_pntr<T,lgBC>::operator++()); }
        const const_pntr operator++ (int) { const_pntr t = *this; ++(*this); return t; }
        const_pntr& operator-- () { return static_cast<const_pntr&>(basic_pntr<T,lgBC>::operator--()); }
        const const_pntr operator-- (int) { const_pntr t = *this; --(*this); return t; }
        const_pntr& operator+= ( const ptrdiff_t n )
        {
                return static_cast<const_pntr&>(basic_pntr<T,lgBC>::operator+=(n));
        }
        const_pntr& operator-= ( const ptrdiff_t n )
        {
                return static_cast<const_pntr&>(basic_pntr<T,lgBC>::operator-=(n));
        }
        // the dereference operators need to be recast...
        const T& operator* () const { return static_cast<const T&>(basic_pntr<T,lgBC>::operator*()); }
        const T* operator-> () const { return static_cast<const T*>(basic_pntr<T,lgBC>::operator->()); }
        const T& operator[] ( const ptrdiff_t n ) const
        {
                return static_cast<const T&>(basic_pntr<T,lgBC>::operator[](n));
        }
        // define p+n, p-n, p-q
        const const_pntr operator+ ( const ptrdiff_t n ) const { const_pntr s = *this; s += n; return s; }
        const const_pntr operator- ( const ptrdiff_t n ) const { const_pntr s = *this; s -= n; return s; }
        ptrdiff_t operator- ( const const_pntr& t ) const { return &(*this[0]) - &t[0]; }
};

// this defines n+p
template<class T, bool lgBC>
inline const const_pntr<T,lgBC> operator+ ( const ptrdiff_t n, const const_pntr<T,lgBC>& t )
{
        const_pntr<T,lgBC> s = t;
        s += n;
        return s;
}

struct tree_vec
{
        typedef size_t size_type;

        size_type n;
        tree_vec *d;

private:
        void p_clear0()
        {
                if( d != NULL )
                {
                        for( size_type i = 0; i < n; ++i )
                                d[i].clear();
                        delete[] d;
                }
        }
        void p_clear1()
        {
                n = 0;
                d = NULL;
        }

public:
        tree_vec()
        {
                p_clear1();
        }
        tree_vec(const tree_vec& m)
        {
                p_clear1();
                *this = m;
        }
        ~tree_vec()
        {
                p_clear0();
        }
        void clear()
        {
                p_clear0();
                p_clear1();
        }
        const tree_vec& operator= (const tree_vec& m)
        {
                if( &m != this )
                {
                        clear();
                        n = m.n;
                        if( m.d != NULL )
                        {
                                d = new tree_vec[n];
                                tree_vec *p = d;
                                const tree_vec *mp = m.d;
                                for( size_type i = 0; i < n; ++i )
                                        *p++ = *mp++;
                        }
                }
                return *this;
        }
        tree_vec& getvec(const size_type i, const size_type index[])
        {
                if( i == 0 )
                        return *this;
                else
                        return getvec(i-1,index).d[index[i-1]];
        }
        const tree_vec& getvec(const size_type i, const size_type index[]) const
        {
                if( i == 0 )
                        return *this;
                else
                        return getvec(i-1,index).d[index[i-1]];
        }
};

template<int d,mem_layout ALLOC=MEM_LAYOUT_VAL>
class multi_geom
{
public:
        typedef size_t size_type;

        tree_vec v;

        size_type size;  
        size_type s[d];  
        size_type st[d]; 
        size_type nsl[d];

private:
        void p_clear0()
        {
                v.clear();
        }
        void p_clear1()
        {
                size = 0;
                for( int i=0; i < d; ++i )
                {
                        s[i] = 0;
                        st[i] = 0;
                        nsl[i] = 0;
                }
        }

public:
        multi_geom()
        {
                p_clear1();
        }
        multi_geom(const multi_geom& m)
        {
                p_clear1();
                *this = m;
        }
        ~multi_geom()
        {
                p_clear0();
        }
        void clear()
        {
                p_clear0();
                p_clear1();
        }
        const multi_geom& operator= (const multi_geom& m)
        {
                if( &m != this )
                {
                        clear();
                        v = m.v;
                        size = m.size;
                        for( int i=0; i < d; ++i )
                        {
                                s[i] = m.s[i];
                                st[i] = m.st[i];
                                nsl[i] = m.nsl[i];
                        }
                }
                return *this;
        }
        bool lgInbounds(const size_type n, const size_type index[]) const
        {
                if( n != 0 )
                        return ( lgInbounds(n-1,index) && index[n-1] < v.getvec(n-1,index).n );
                else
                        return true;
        }
        void reserve(const size_type n, const size_type index[])
        {
                ASSERT( n <= d && index[n-1] > 0 && lgInbounds( n-1, index ) );

                tree_vec& w = v.getvec( n-1, index );
                if( d > n )
                {
                        ASSERT( w.d == NULL );
                        w.d = new tree_vec[ index[n-1] ];
                }
                w.n = index[n-1];
                s[n-1] = max(s[n-1],index[n-1]);
                nsl[n-1] += index[n-1];
        }
        void reserve_recursive(const size_type n, size_type index[])
        {
                if( n == 0 )
                {
                        reserve( n+1, index );
                        if( n+1 < d )
                                reserve_recursive( n+1, index );
                }
                else
                {
                        size_type top = index[n-1];
                        for( size_type i=0; i < top; ++i )
                        {
                                index[n-1] = i;
                                reserve( n+1, index );
                                if( n+1 < d )
                                        reserve_recursive( n+1, index );
                        }
                        index[n-1] = top;
                }
        }
        void finalize(void)
        {
                static_assert( ALLOC == C_TYPE || ALLOC == ARPA_TYPE,
                               "Allocation type must be C_TYPE or ARPA_TYPE" );
                if( ALLOC == ARPA_TYPE )
                {
                        size_type n1[d], n2[d];
                        for( int dim=0; dim < d; ++dim )
                                n1[dim] = n2[dim] = 0L;
                        // sanity checks
                        p_setupArray( n1, n2, &v, 0 );
                        for( int dim=0; dim < d-1; ++dim )
                                ASSERT( n1[dim] == nsl[dim] && n2[dim] == nsl[dim+1] );
                        size = nsl[d-1];
                }
                else if( ALLOC == C_TYPE )
                {
                        st[d-1] = s[d-1]; 
                        for( int i = d-2; i >= 0; --i )
                                st[i] = st[i+1]*s[i];
                        size = st[0];
                }
                else
                {
                        TotalInsanity();
                }
        }

private:
        void p_setupArray( size_type n1[], size_type n2[], const tree_vec* w, size_type l )
        {
                for( size_type i=0; i < w->n; ++i )
                {
                        n1[l]++;
                        // using int(l) is always safe and avoids warnings about the test
                        // 'l < d-2' being always false when d == 2 (e.g. with g++ 4.6.0)
                        if( int(l) < d-2 )
                        {
                                p_setupArray( n1, n2, &w->d[i], l+1 );
                        }
                        n2[l] += w->d[i].n;
                }
        }
};


//
//


// forward definitions
template<class T, int N, mem_layout ALLOC, bool lgBC> class n_pointer;
template<class T, int N, mem_layout ALLOC, bool lgBC> class const_n_pointer;

template<class T, int N>
class n_pointer<T,N,ARPA_TYPE,false>
{
        T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
   typedef n_pointer<T,N-1,ARPA_TYPE,false> value_type;
        n_pointer(T* p, const size_t* st=NULL, const tree_vec* v=NULL) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        const value_type operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                return value_type( *((T**)p_p+i) );
        }
};

template<class T, int N>
class n_pointer<T,N,C_TYPE,false>
{
        T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef n_pointer<T,N-1,C_TYPE,false> value_type;
        n_pointer(T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v=NULL) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        const value_type operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                return value_type( p_p+i*p_st[0], p_st+1 );
        }
};

template<class T>
class n_pointer<T,1,ARPA_TYPE,false>
{
        T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef T value_type;
        n_pointer(T* p, const size_t* st=NULL, const tree_vec* v=NULL) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        value_type& operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                return *(p_p + i);
        }
};

template<class T>
class n_pointer<T,1,C_TYPE,false>
{
        T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef T value_type;
        n_pointer(T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v=NULL) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        value_type& operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                return *(p_p + i);
        }
};

template<class T, int N>
class n_pointer<T,N,ARPA_TYPE,true>
{
        T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef n_pointer<T,N-1,ARPA_TYPE,true> value_type;
        n_pointer(T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        const value_type operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                if( i >= p_v->n )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "n_pointer::operator[]" );
                return value_type( *((T**)p_p+i), NULL, &p_v->d[i] );
        }
};

template<class T, int N>
class n_pointer<T,N,C_TYPE,true>
{
        T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef n_pointer<T,N-1,C_TYPE,true> value_type;
        n_pointer(T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        const value_type operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                if( i >= p_v->n )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "n_pointer::operator[]" );
                return value_type( p_p+i*p_st[0], p_st+1, &p_v->d[i] );
        }
};

template<class T>
class n_pointer<T,1,ARPA_TYPE,true>
{
        T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef T value_type;
        n_pointer(T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        value_type& operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                if( i >= p_v->n )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "n_pointer::operator[]" );
                return *(p_p + i);
        }
};

template<class T>
class n_pointer<T,1,C_TYPE,true>
{
        T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef T value_type;
        n_pointer(T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        value_type& operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                if( i >= p_v->n )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "n_pointer::operator[]" );
                return *(p_p + i);
        }
};

template<class T, int N>
class const_n_pointer<T,N,ARPA_TYPE,false>
{
        const T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef const_n_pointer<T,N-1,ARPA_TYPE,false> value_type;
        const_n_pointer(const T* p, const size_t* st=NULL, const tree_vec* v=NULL) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        const value_type operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                return value_type( *((T**)p_p+i) );
        }
};

template<class T, int N>
class const_n_pointer<T,N,C_TYPE,false>
{
        const T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef const_n_pointer<T,N-1,C_TYPE,false> value_type;
        const_n_pointer(const T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v=NULL) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        const value_type operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                return value_type( p_p+i*p_st[0], p_st+1 );
        }
};

template<class T>
class const_n_pointer<T,1,ARPA_TYPE,false>
{
        const T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef const T value_type;
        const_n_pointer(const T* p, const size_t* st=NULL, const tree_vec* v=NULL) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        value_type& operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                return *(p_p + i);
        }
};

template<class T>
class const_n_pointer<T,1,C_TYPE,false>
{
        const T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef const T value_type;
        const_n_pointer(const T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v=NULL) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        value_type& operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                return *(p_p + i);
        }
};

template<class T, int N>
class const_n_pointer<T,N,ARPA_TYPE,true>
{
        const T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef const_n_pointer<T,N-1,ARPA_TYPE,true> value_type;
        const_n_pointer(const T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        const value_type operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                if( i >= p_v->n )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "const_n_pointer::operator[]" );
                return value_type( *((T**)p_p+i), NULL, &p_v->d[i] );
        }
};

template<class T, int N>
class const_n_pointer<T,N,C_TYPE,true>
{
        const T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef const_n_pointer<T,N-1,C_TYPE,true> value_type;
        const_n_pointer(const T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        const value_type operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                if( i >= p_v->n )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "const_n_pointer::operator[]" );
                return value_type( p_p+i*p_st[0], p_st+1, &p_v->d[i] );
        }
};

template<class T>
class const_n_pointer<T,1,ARPA_TYPE,true>
{
        const T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef const T value_type;
        const_n_pointer(const T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        value_type& operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                if( i >= p_v->n )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "const_n_pointer::operator[]" );
                return *(p_p + i);
        }
};

template<class T>
class const_n_pointer<T,1,C_TYPE,true>
{
        const T* p_p;
        const size_t* p_st;
        const tree_vec* p_v;
public:
        typedef const T value_type;
        const_n_pointer(const T* p, const size_t* st, const tree_vec* v) : p_p(p), p_st(st), p_v(v) {}
        value_type& operator[] (const size_t i) const
        {
                if( i >= p_v->n )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "const_n_pointer::operator[]" );
                return *(p_p + i);
        }
};

//
//

template<class T, int d, mem_layout ALLOC=MEM_LAYOUT_VAL, bool lgBC=lgBOUNDSCHECKVAL>
class multi_arr
{
        // ancillary data describing the memory layout of the multi_arr
        multi_geom<d,ALLOC> p_g;
        T** p_psl[d-1];     // pointer arrays for ARPA structure
        valarray<T> p_dsl;  // this contains the actual data
        T* p_ptr;           // main pointer to allocated structure
        T** p_ptr2;         // used in debugger to get access to internal representation
        T*** p_ptr3;
        T**** p_ptr4;
        T***** p_ptr5;
        T****** p_ptr6;

public:
        typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
        typedef T            value_type;
        typedef T&           reference;
        typedef const T&     const_reference;
        typedef T*           pointer;
        typedef const T*     const_pointer;
        typedef size_t       size_type;
        typedef ptrdiff_t    difference_type;
        typedef pntr<T,lgBC>       iterator;
        typedef const_pntr<T,lgBC> const_iterator;

private:
        static const size_type npos = static_cast<size_type>(-1);

        void p_clear0()
        {
                p_g.clear();
                for( int i=0; i < d-1; ++i )
                        delete[] p_psl[i];
                p_dsl.resize(0);
        }
        void p_clear1()
        {
                for( int i=0; i < d-1; ++i )
                        p_psl[i] = NULL;
                p_ptr = NULL;
                p_ptr2 = NULL;
                p_ptr3 = NULL;
                p_ptr4 = NULL;
                p_ptr5 = NULL;
                p_ptr6 = NULL;
        }

public:
        multi_arr()
        {
                p_clear1();
        }
        multi_arr(const multi_geom<d,ALLOC>& g)
        {
                p_clear1();
                alloc( g );
        }
        multi_arr(size_type d1, size_type d2)
        {
                p_clear1();
                size_type index[] = { d1, d2 };
                alloc( index );
        }
        multi_arr(size_type d1, size_type d2, size_type d3)
        {
                p_clear1();
                size_type index[] = { d1, d2, d3 };
                alloc( index );
        }
        multi_arr(size_type d1, size_type d2, size_type d3, size_type d4)
        {
                p_clear1();
                size_type index[] = { d1, d2, d3, d4 };
                alloc( index );
        }
        multi_arr(size_type d1, size_type d2, size_type d3, size_type d4, size_type d5)
        {
                p_clear1();
                size_type index[] = { d1, d2, d3, d4, d5 };
                alloc( index );
        }
        multi_arr(size_type d1, size_type d2, size_type d3, size_type d4, size_type d5, size_type d6)
        {
                p_clear1();
                size_type index[] = { d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6 };
                alloc( index );
        }
        multi_arr(const multi_arr& m)
        {
                p_clear1();
                *this = m;
        }
        ~multi_arr()
        {
                p_clear0();
        }
        void clear()
        {
                p_clear0();
                p_clear1();
        }
        const multi_arr& operator= (const multi_arr& m)
        {
                if( &m != this )
                {
                        alloc( m.p_g );
                        vals() = m.vals();
                }
                return *this;
        }
        const multi_arr& operator= (const T& val)
        {
                p_dsl = val;
                return *this;
        }
        void zero()
        {
                ASSERT( vals().size() == p_g.size );
                if( p_g.size > 0 )
                        memset( data(), 0, p_g.size*sizeof(T) );
        }
        void invalidate()
        {
                ASSERT( vals().size() == p_g.size );
                invalidate_array( data(), p_g.size*sizeof(T) );
        }

        void reserve(size_type i1)
        {
                ASSERT( vals().size() == 0 );
                const size_type index[] = { i1 };
                p_g.reserve( 1, index );
        }
        void reserve(size_type i1, size_type i2)
        {
                ASSERT( vals().size() == 0 );
                const size_type index[] = { i1, i2 };
                p_g.reserve( 2, index );
        }
        void reserve(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3)
        {
                ASSERT( vals().size() == 0 );
                const size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3 };
                p_g.reserve( 3, index );
        }
        void reserve(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4)
        {
                ASSERT( vals().size() == 0 );
                const size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4 };
                p_g.reserve( 4, index );
        }
        void reserve(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5)
        {
                ASSERT( vals().size() == 0 );
                const size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4, i5 };
                p_g.reserve( 5, index );
        }
        void reserve(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5, size_type i6)
        {
                ASSERT( vals().size() == 0 );
                const size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6 };
                p_g.reserve( 6, index );
        }
        void alloc()
        {
                p_g.finalize();
                static_assert( ALLOC == C_TYPE || ALLOC == ARPA_TYPE,
                               "Allocation type must be C_TYPE or ARPA_TYPE" );

                if( ALLOC == ARPA_TYPE )
                {
                        size_type n1[d], n2[d];
                        // allocate the pointer arrays ( p_psl[0..d-2] ) and data ( p_dsl )
                        for( int dim=0; dim < d; ++dim )
                        {
                                n1[dim] = n2[dim] = 0L;
                                if( dim != d-1 )
                                {
                                        ASSERT( p_psl[dim] == NULL );
                                        if( p_g.nsl[dim] > 0 )
                                                p_psl[dim] = new T*[ p_g.nsl[dim] ];
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                        ASSERT( p_dsl.size() == 0 );
                                        p_dsl.resize( p_g.nsl[dim] );
                                }
                        }
                        // now initialize all the pointer arrays
                        p_setupArray( n1, n2, &p_g.v, 0 );
                        p_ptr = (T*)p_psl[0];
                }
                else if( ALLOC == C_TYPE )
                {
                        for( int i=0; i < d-1; ++i )
                                p_psl[i] = NULL;
                        ASSERT( p_dsl.size() == 0 );
                        p_dsl.resize( p_g.st[0] );
                        p_ptr = &p_dsl[0];
                }
                else
                {
                        TotalInsanity();
                }
                p_ptr2 = (T**)p_ptr;
                p_ptr3 = (T***)p_ptr;
                p_ptr4 = (T****)p_ptr;
                p_ptr5 = (T*****)p_ptr;
                p_ptr6 = (T******)p_ptr;
        }
        // clone the geometry from another multi_arr
        void alloc(const multi_geom<d,ALLOC>& g)
        {
                if( &g != &p_g )
                {
                        clear();
                        p_g = g;
                        alloc();
                }
        }
        // set up a rectangular block of data with dimensions d1 x d2 x ....
        void alloc(size_type d1, size_type d2)
        {
                size_type index[] = { d1, d2 };
                alloc( index );
        }
        void alloc(size_type d1, size_type d2, size_type d3)
        {
                size_type index[] = { d1, d2, d3 };
                alloc( index );
        }
        void alloc(size_type d1, size_type d2, size_type d3, size_type d4)
        {
                size_type index[] = { d1, d2, d3, d4 };
                alloc( index );
        }
        void alloc(size_type d1, size_type d2, size_type d3, size_type d4, size_type d5)
        {
                size_type index[] = { d1, d2, d3, d4, d5 };
                alloc( index );
        }
        void alloc(size_type d1, size_type d2, size_type d3, size_type d4, size_type d5, size_type d6)
        {
                size_type index[] = { d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6 };
                alloc( index );
        }
        void alloc(size_type index[])
        {
                for( int n=0; n < d; n++ )
                        ASSERT( index[n] > 0 );
                clear();
                p_g.reserve_recursive( 0, index );
                alloc();
        }

private:
        // helper routine for alloc(), this fills in the pointer arrays for the ARPA layout
        void p_setupArray( size_type n1[], size_type n2[], const tree_vec* g, size_type l )
        {
                for( size_type i=0; i < g->n; ++i )
                {
                        // using int(l) is always safe and avoids warnings about the test
                        // 'l < d-2' being always false when d == 2 (e.g. with g++ 4.6.0)
                        if( int(l) < d-2 )
                        {
                                p_psl[l][n1[l]++] = (T*)(p_psl[l+1]+n2[l]);
                                p_setupArray( n1, n2, &g->d[i], l+1 );
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                p_psl[l][n1[l]++] = &p_dsl[0]+n2[l];
                        }
                        n2[l] += g->d[i].n;
                }
        }

        // in the p_iterator methods the bound-checking part is split off into a separate
        // routine p_iterator_bc in order to make it easier for compilers to inline the code
        iterator p_iterator(size_type i1, size_type i2) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator_bc( i1, i2 );
                else
                {
                        multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>* t = const_cast<multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>*>(this);
                        return iterator( &(*t)[i1][i2] );
                }
        }
        iterator p_iterator_bc(size_type i1, size_type i2) const
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1 };
                if( p_g.lgInbounds( 1, index ) )
                {
                        multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>* t = const_cast<multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>*>(this);
                        size_type n = p_g.v.getvec( 1, index ).n;
                        T* s = ( n > 0 ) ? &(*t)[i1][0] : NULL;
                        if( i2 == npos )
                                return iterator( s+n, s, s+n );
                        else
                                return iterator( s+i2, s, s+n );
                }
                else
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::p_iterator()" );
        }
        iterator p_iterator(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator_bc( i1, i2, i3 );
                else
                {
                        multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>* t = const_cast<multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>*>(this);
                        return iterator( &(*t)[i1][i2][i3] );
                }
        }
        iterator p_iterator_bc(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3) const
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2 };
                if( p_g.lgInbounds( 2, index ) )
                {
                        multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>* t = const_cast<multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>*>(this);
                        size_type n = p_g.v.getvec( 2, index ).n;
                        T* s = ( n > 0 ) ? &(*t)[i1][i2][0] : NULL;
                        if( i3 == npos )
                                return iterator( s+n, s, s+n );
                        else
                                return iterator( s+i3, s, s+n );
                }
                else
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::p_iterator()" );
        }
        iterator p_iterator(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator_bc(i1, i2, i3, i4);
                else
                {
                        multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>* t = const_cast<multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>*>(this);
                        return iterator( &(*t)[i1][i2][i3][i4] );
                }
        }
        iterator p_iterator_bc(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4) const
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3 };
                if( p_g.lgInbounds( 3, index ) )
                {
                        multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>* t = const_cast<multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>*>(this);
                        size_type n = p_g.v.getvec( 3, index ).n;
                        T* s = ( n > 0 ) ? &(*t)[i1][i2][i3][0] : NULL;
                        if( i4 == npos )
                                return iterator( s+n, s, s+n );
                        else
                                return iterator( s+i4, s, s+n );
                }
                else
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::p_iterator()" );
        }
        iterator p_iterator(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator_bc(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5);
                else
                {
                        multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>* t = const_cast<multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>*>(this);
                        return iterator( &(*t)[i1][i2][i3][i4][i5] );
                }
        }
        iterator p_iterator_bc(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5) const
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4 };
                if( p_g.lgInbounds( 4, index ) )
                {
                        multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>* t = const_cast<multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>*>(this);
                        size_type n = p_g.v.getvec( 4, index ).n;
                        T* s = ( n > 0 ) ? &(*t)[i1][i2][i3][i4][0] : NULL;
                        if( i5 == npos )
                                return iterator( s+n, s, s+n );
                        else
                                return iterator( s+i5, s, s+n );
                }
                else
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::p_iterator()" );
        }
        iterator p_iterator(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5, size_type i6) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator_bc(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6);
                else
                {
                        multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>* t = const_cast<multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>*>(this);
                        return iterator( &(*t)[i1][i2][i3][i4][i5][i6] );
                }
        }
        iterator p_iterator_bc(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5, size_type i6) const
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4, i5 };
                if( p_g.lgInbounds( 5, index ) )
                {
                        multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>* t = const_cast<multi_arr<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>*>(this);
                        size_type n = p_g.v.getvec( 5, index ).n;
                        T* s = ( n > 0 ) ? &(*t)[i1][i2][i3][i4][i5][0] : NULL;
                        if( i6 == npos )
                                return iterator( s+n, s, s+n );
                        else
                                return iterator( s+i6, s, s+n );
                }
                else
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::p_iterator()" );
        }

public:
        const n_pointer<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC> n_ptr()
        {
                return n_pointer<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>( p_ptr, p_g.st+1, &p_g.v );
        }
        const const_n_pointer<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC> n_ptr() const
        {
                return const_n_pointer<T,d,ALLOC,lgBC>( p_ptr, p_g.st+1, &p_g.v );
        }
        typedef n_pointer<T,d-1,ALLOC,lgBC> indexed_type;
        const indexed_type operator[] (size_type i)
        {
                return n_ptr()[i];
        }
        typedef const_n_pointer<T,d-1,ALLOC,lgBC> const_indexed_type;
        const const_indexed_type operator[] (size_type i) const
        {
                return n_ptr()[i];
        }

        reference at(size_type i1, size_type i2)
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2 };
                if( !p_g.lgInbounds( 2, index ) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i1][i2];
        }
        const_reference at(size_type i1, size_type i2) const
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2 };
                if( !p_g.lgInbounds( 2, index ) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i1][i2];
        }
        reference at(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3)
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3 };
                if( !p_g.lgInbounds( 3, index ) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i1][i2][i3];
        }
        const_reference at(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3) const
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3 };
                if( !p_g.lgInbounds( 3, index ) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i1][i2][i3];
        }
        reference at(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4)
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4 };
                if( !p_g.lgInbounds( 4, index ) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i1][i2][i3][i4];
        }
        const_reference at(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4) const
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4 };
                if( !p_g.lgInbounds( 4, index ) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i1][i2][i3][i4];
        }
        reference at(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5)
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4, i5 };
                if( !p_g.lgInbounds( 5, index ) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i1][i2][i3][i4][i5];
        }
        const_reference at(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5) const
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4, i5 };
                if( !p_g.lgInbounds( 5, index ) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i1][i2][i3][i4][i5];
        }
        reference at(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5, size_type i6)
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6 };
                if( !p_g.lgInbounds( 6, index ) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i1][i2][i3][i4][i5][i6];
        }
        const_reference at(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5, size_type i6) const
        {
                size_type index[] = { i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6 };
                if( !p_g.lgInbounds( 6, index ) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "multi_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i1][i2][i3][i4][i5][i6];
        }

        iterator ptr(size_type i1, size_type i2)
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2);
        }
        const_iterator ptr(size_type i1, size_type i2) const
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2);
        }
        iterator ptr(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3)
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3);
        }
        const_iterator ptr(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3) const
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3);
        }
        iterator ptr(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4)
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4);
        }
        const_iterator ptr(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4) const
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4);
        }
        iterator ptr(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5)
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5);
        }
        const_iterator ptr(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5) const
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5);
        }
        iterator ptr(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5, size_type i6)
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6);
        }
        const_iterator ptr(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5, size_type i6) const
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6);
        }

        iterator begin(size_type i1)
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, 0);
        }
        const_iterator begin(size_type i1) const
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, 0);
        }
        iterator begin(size_type i1, size_type i2)
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, 0);
        }
        const_iterator begin(size_type i1, size_type i2) const
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, 0);
        }
        iterator begin(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3)
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, 0);
        }
        const_iterator begin(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3) const
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, 0);
        }
        iterator begin(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4)
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, 0);
        }
        const_iterator begin(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4) const
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, 0);
        }
        iterator begin(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5)
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, 0);
        }
        const_iterator begin(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5) const
        {
                return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, 0);
        }

        iterator end(size_type i1)
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator(i1, npos);
                else
                        return p_iterator(i1, p_g.v.d[i1].n);
        }
        const_iterator end(size_type i1) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator(i1, npos);
                else
                        return p_iterator(i1, p_g.v.d[i1].n);
        }
        iterator end(size_type i1, size_type i2)
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, npos);
                else
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, p_g.v.d[i1].d[i2].n);
        }
        const_iterator end(size_type i1, size_type i2) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, npos);
                else
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, p_g.v.d[i1].d[i2].n);
        }
        iterator end(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3)
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, npos);
                else
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, p_g.v.d[i1].d[i2].d[i3].n);
        }
        const_iterator end(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, npos);
                else
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, p_g.v.d[i1].d[i2].d[i3].n);
        }
        iterator end(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4)
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, npos);
                else
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, p_g.v.d[i1].d[i2].d[i3].d[i4].n);
        }
        const_iterator end(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, npos);
                else
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, p_g.v.d[i1].d[i2].d[i3].d[i4].n);
        }
        iterator end(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5)
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, npos);
                else
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, p_g.v.d[i1].d[i2].d[i3].d[i4].d[i5].n);
        }
        const_iterator end(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, npos);
                else
                        return p_iterator(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, p_g.v.d[i1].d[i2].d[i3].d[i4].d[i5].n);
        }

        reference front(size_type i1)
        {
                return *begin(i1);
        }
        const_reference front(size_type i1) const
        {
                return *begin(i1);
        }
        reference front(size_type i1, size_type i2)
        {
                return *begin(i1, i2);
        }
        const_reference front(size_type i1, size_type i2) const
        {
                return *begin(i1, i2);
        }
        reference front(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3)
        {
                return *begin(i1, i2, i3);
        }
        const_reference front(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3) const
        {
                return *begin(i1, i2, i3);
        }
        reference front(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4)
        {
                return *begin(i1, i2, i3, i4);
        }
        const_reference front(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4) const
        {
                return *begin(i1, i2, i3, i4);
        }
        reference front(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5)
        {
                return *begin(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5);
        }
        const_reference front(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5) const
        {
                return *begin(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5);
        }

        reference back(size_type i1)
        {
                return *(end(i1) - 1);
        }
        const_reference back(size_type i1) const
        {
                return *(end(i1) - 1);
        }
        reference back(size_type i1, size_type i2)
        {
                return *(end(i1, i2) - 1);
        }
        const_reference back(size_type i1, size_type i2) const
        {
                return *(end(i1, i2) - 1);
        }
        reference back(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3)
        {
                return *(end(i1, i2, i3) - 1);
        }
        const_reference back(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3) const
        {
                return *(end(i1, i2, i3) - 1);
        }
        reference back(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4)
        {
                return *(end(i1, i2, i3, i4) - 1);
        }
        const_reference back(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4) const
        {
                return *(end(i1, i2, i3, i4) - 1);
        }
        reference back(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5)
        {
                return *(end(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5) - 1);
        }
        const_reference back(size_type i1, size_type i2, size_type i3, size_type i4, size_type i5) const
        {
                return *(end(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5) - 1);
        }

        size_type size() const
        {
                return p_g.size;
        }
        size_type capacity() const
        {
                return p_g.size;
        }
        bool empty() const
        {
                for( int i=0; i < d-1; ++i )
                        if( p_psl[i] != NULL )
                                return false;
                return ( p_g.size == 0UL && p_dsl.size() == 0 );
        }

        pointer data()
        {
                if( p_g.size > 0 )
                        return get_ptr( p_dsl );
                else
                        return NULL;
        }
        const_pointer data() const
        {
                if( p_g.size > 0 )
                        return get_ptr( p_dsl );
                else
                        return NULL;
        }

        const multi_geom<d,ALLOC>& clone() const
        {
                return p_g;
        }

        valarray<T>& vals()
        {
                return p_dsl;
        }
        const valarray<T>& vals() const
        {
                return p_dsl;
        }
};

// predefine commonly used iterators
typedef multi_arr<bool,2>::iterator mb2i;
typedef multi_arr<bool,2>::const_iterator mb2ci;
typedef multi_arr<bool,3>::iterator mb3i;
typedef multi_arr<bool,3>::const_iterator mb3ci;
typedef multi_arr<bool,4>::iterator mb4i;
typedef multi_arr<bool,4>::const_iterator mb4ci;
typedef multi_arr<bool,5>::iterator mb5i;
typedef multi_arr<bool,5>::const_iterator mb5ci;
typedef multi_arr<bool,6>::iterator mb6i;
typedef multi_arr<bool,6>::const_iterator mb6ci;

typedef multi_arr<long,2>::iterator ml2i;
typedef multi_arr<long,2>::const_iterator ml2ci;
typedef multi_arr<long,3>::iterator ml3i;
typedef multi_arr<long,3>::const_iterator ml3ci;
typedef multi_arr<long,4>::iterator ml4i;
typedef multi_arr<long,4>::const_iterator ml4ci;
typedef multi_arr<long,5>::iterator ml5i;
typedef multi_arr<long,5>::const_iterator ml5ci;
typedef multi_arr<long,6>::iterator ml6i;
typedef multi_arr<long,6>::const_iterator ml6ci;

typedef multi_arr<realnum,2>::iterator mr2i;
typedef multi_arr<realnum,2>::const_iterator mr2ci;
typedef multi_arr<realnum,3>::iterator mr3i;
typedef multi_arr<realnum,3>::const_iterator mr3ci;
typedef multi_arr<realnum,4>::iterator mr4i;
typedef multi_arr<realnum,4>::const_iterator mr4ci;
typedef multi_arr<realnum,5>::iterator mr5i;
typedef multi_arr<realnum,5>::const_iterator mr5ci;
typedef multi_arr<realnum,6>::iterator mr6i;
typedef multi_arr<realnum,6>::const_iterator mr6ci;

typedef multi_arr<double,2>::iterator md2i;
typedef multi_arr<double,2>::const_iterator md2ci;
typedef multi_arr<double,3>::iterator md3i;
typedef multi_arr<double,3>::const_iterator md3ci;
typedef multi_arr<double,4>::iterator md4i;
typedef multi_arr<double,4>::const_iterator md4ci;
typedef multi_arr<double,5>::iterator md5i;
typedef multi_arr<double,5>::const_iterator md5ci;
typedef multi_arr<double,6>::iterator md6i;
typedef multi_arr<double,6>::const_iterator md6ci;

// on Mac systems these instantiations need to be extern in order to avoid duplicate symbols
#define INSTANTIATE_MULTI_ARR( TYPE, BC ) \
template class pntr<TYPE,BC>; \
template class const_pntr<TYPE,BC>;

template<class T, bool lgBC=lgBOUNDSCHECKVAL>
class flex_arr
{
        size_t p_size;  // number of elements allocated
        long p_begin;   // first valid array index
        long p_end;     // one beyond last valid array index
        bool p_init;    // set true when alloc() has been called

        T* p_ptr_alloc; // pointer to start of allocated data
        T* p_ptr;       // pointer used for calculating array indices

public:
        typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
        typedef T            value_type;
        typedef T&           reference;
        typedef const T&     const_reference;
        typedef T*           pointer;
        typedef const T*     const_pointer;
        typedef long         size_type;
        typedef ptrdiff_t    difference_type;
        typedef pntr<T,lgBC>       iterator;
        typedef const_pntr<T,lgBC> const_iterator;

private:
        void p_clear0()
        {
                p_free(p_ptr_alloc);
                p_ptr_alloc = NULL;
        }
        void p_clear1()
        {
                p_size = 0;
                p_begin = 0;
                p_end = 0;
                p_init = false;
                p_ptr_alloc = NULL;
                p_ptr = NULL;
        }
        T* p_alloc(size_t size) const
        {
                return new T[size];
        }
        void p_free(T* p) const
        {
                delete[] p;
        }

public:
        flex_arr()
        {
                p_clear1();
        }
        flex_arr(size_type begin, size_type end)
        {
                p_clear1();
                alloc( begin, end );
        }
        flex_arr(const flex_arr& f)
        {
                p_clear1();
                *this = f;
        }
        ~flex_arr()
        {
                p_clear0();
        }
        const flex_arr& operator= (const flex_arr& f)
        {
                if( &f != this )
                {
                        clear();
                        p_size = f.p_size;
                        p_begin = f.p_begin;
                        p_end = f.p_end;
                        p_init = f.p_init;
                        if( f.p_ptr_alloc != NULL )
                        {
                                p_ptr_alloc = p_alloc(p_size);
                                pointer p = p_ptr_alloc;
                                const_pointer fp = f.p_ptr_alloc;
                                for( size_type i=0; i < p_end-p_begin; ++i )
                                        *p++ = *fp++;
                                p_ptr = p_ptr_alloc - p_begin;
                        }
                }
                return *this;
        }
        void clear()
        {
                p_clear0();
                p_clear1();
        }
        void zero()
        {
                if( p_size > 0 )
                        memset( p_ptr_alloc, 0, p_size*sizeof(T) );
        }
        void invalidate()
        {
                invalidate_array( p_ptr_alloc, p_size*sizeof(T) );
        }

        // reserve memory for the array
        void reserve(size_type size)
        {
                // make sure we start with a clean slate...
                clear();
                if( size > 0 )
                {
                        ASSERT( p_ptr_alloc == NULL );
                        p_ptr_alloc = p_alloc(size);
                        p_size = (size_t)size;
                }
        }
        // allocate array with index between begin <= ind < end
        // memory is allocated here, if not already done with reserve() before
        void alloc(size_type begin, size_type end)
        {
                if( (size_t)max(end-begin,0) > p_size )
                {
                        clear();

                        ASSERT( p_ptr_alloc == NULL );
                        p_ptr_alloc = p_alloc(end-begin);
                        p_ptr = p_ptr_alloc - begin;
                        p_size = (size_t)(end-begin);
                }
                else
                {
                        // store was already allocated with reserve()
                        p_ptr = p_ptr_alloc - begin;
                }
                p_begin = begin;
                p_end = end;
                p_init = true;
        }
        // adjust upper limit of array, reallocate store if necessary
        void realloc(size_type end)
        {
                ASSERT( p_init );
                if( (size_t)max(end-p_begin,0) > p_size )
                {
                        // reallocate the store
                        T* nptr_alloc = p_alloc(end-p_begin);
                        T* nptr = nptr_alloc - p_begin;
                        // copy store over using operator= from T, using memcpy would be a bug!
                        // this could trip valgrind / purify since we don't know if this is initialized
                        // there is nothing safe we can do here, so the caller should take care of this
                        // note that we ignore fields above p_end, we assume nothing of interest is there
                        if( p_ptr_alloc != NULL && p_ptr != NULL )
                        {
                                for( size_type i=p_begin; i < p_end; ++i )
                                        nptr[i] = p_ptr[i];
                                p_free(p_ptr_alloc);
                        }
                        p_ptr_alloc = nptr_alloc;
                        p_ptr = nptr;
                        p_size = (size_t)(end-p_begin);
                }
                p_end = end;
        }

private:
        // the p_pointer() method below defines indexing into the flex_arr
        pointer p_pointer(size_type i) const
        {
                return p_ptr+i;
        }

        iterator p_iterator(size_type i) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                        return iterator( p_pointer(i), p_pointer(p_begin), p_pointer(p_end) );
                else
                        return iterator( p_pointer(i) );
        }

        bool p_lgInbounds(size_type i) const
        {
                return ( i >= p_begin && i < p_end );
        }

        reference p_index(size_type i) const
        {
                if( lgBC )
                {
                        if( ! p_lgInbounds( i ) )
                                OUT_OF_RANGE( "flex_arr::p_index()" );
                }
                return *p_pointer(i);
        }

public:
        reference operator[] (size_type i)
        {
                return reference(p_index(i));
        }
        const_reference operator[] (size_type i) const
        {
                return const_reference(p_index(i));
        }

        reference at(size_type i)
        {
                if( ! p_lgInbounds(i) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "flex_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i];
        }
        const_reference at(size_type i) const
        {
                if( ! p_lgInbounds(i) )
                        OUT_OF_RANGE( "flex_arr::at()" );
                return (*this)[i];
        }

        iterator ptr(size_type i)
        {
                return iterator(p_iterator(i));
        }
        const_iterator ptr(size_type i) const
        {
                return const_iterator(p_iterator(i));
        }

        // \todo add: assign, swap?, ... (go over stl_vector.h)

        iterator begin()
        {
                return ptr(p_begin);
        }
        const_iterator begin() const
        {
                return ptr(p_begin);
        }

        iterator end()
        {
                return ptr(p_end);
        }
        const_iterator end() const
        {
                return ptr(p_end);
        }

        reference front()
        {
                return *begin();
        }
        const_reference front() const
        {
                return *begin();
        }

        reference back()
        {
                return *(end()-1);
        }
        const_reference back() const
        {
                return *(end()-1);
        }

        size_type size() const
        {
                return max(p_end-p_begin,0);
        }
        size_type capacity() const
        {
                return p_size;
        }
        bool empty() const
        {
                return ( size() == 0 );
        }

        pointer data()
        {
                return p_ptr_alloc;
        }
        const_pointer data() const
        {
                return p_ptr_alloc;
        }

        pointer ptr0()
        {
                return p_ptr;
        }
        const_pointer ptr0() const
        {
                return p_ptr;
        }
};

// predefine commonly used iterators
typedef flex_arr<bool>::iterator fabi;
typedef flex_arr<bool>::const_iterator fabci;
typedef flex_arr<long>::iterator fali;
typedef flex_arr<long>::const_iterator falci;
typedef flex_arr<realnum>::iterator fari;
typedef flex_arr<realnum>::const_iterator farci;
typedef flex_arr<double>::iterator fadi;
typedef flex_arr<double>::const_iterator fadci;

#endif /* CONTAINER_CLASSES_H_ */